Renaissance
Renaissance
(1300's to the late 1500's)
Note: Latin
bases for Spanish, French, and Italian
Roman Numerals
replaced by the Arabic system that is standard today
Roman I =
Arabic 1
V = 5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1000
Humanists
-Scholars who took part in the intellectual movement that grew out of the study
of the humanities
-humanities: quality or state of being humane or human
Humanism
-The Renaissance movement that grew out of the study of classical literature,
history, and philosophy
-A philosophy that asserts the dignity and worth of man and his capacity for
self-realization through reason
Renaissance
starts in Italian city-states in 1350
Francesco
Petrarch (1304-1374)
-Italian poet and scholar
-wrote in both Italian and Latin
-considered the first humanist
-carried traditions of the Greeks and Romans
-led the early development of Renaissance humanism
Niccolo
Machiavelli
-Italian struggle for power taken over by different
countries/families/struggles w/ church; thus, Mach. writes a book to advice
rulers how to rule
-lived in Florence
-studied politics
-considered by many the father of modern political science
-most important political thinker of the Renaissance
-wrote the book: The Prince (book about power) READ P. 353
-believed a ruler should do whatever was necessary to gain and keep his power
-successful rulers often lie, break treaties, and kill in order to gain and
keep power
-politics must be judged only by its results
Importance of
the printing press
-invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1450
1. made books and ideas available to a much larger audience
2. faster than copying it by hand
-before printing press 100,000 books in Europe
-by 1500 more than 9 million
3. less expensive
-more people could afford them
4. written in own language (not just Latin)
5. spread the spirit and ideas of the Renaissance
Desiderius
Erasmus 1466-1536
-respected and influential humanist
-wrote many books
-one of the first authors whose books were read by thousands of people
-In Praise of Folly
-makes fun of the church in his books (adds fuel to the fire)
-1509 guest at More's house
Sir Thomas
More 1477-1535
-English statesman
-wrote the book Utopia in 1516
-it describes an ideal and peaceful society
-based on reason and mercy
-beheaded in 1535 for refusing to accept Henry VIII as head of the English
Church
Three
outstanding artists of the renaissance
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
2. Raphael Santi (1483-1520)
3. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
Leonardo da
Vinci
-master of design
-both arts and scientist
-known for his mechanical designs as well as art
-airplane (huge bat like wings, person wooden frame pedaling) parachute, tank,
submarine, machine gun, human body (dissected human corpses, first accurate
drawings of the human body and nature), made machine for making metal screws,
notes envisioned poison gas, napalm, battleships, frogmen to sink them.
Machines for cutting ridges in metal, ban saw, file maker.
-only 15 paintings survived
-most famous: Last Supper and the Mona Lisa
Raphael Santi
1483-1520
-master of grace (pleasing to the eye, attractive, proportionate)
-known for his paintings and architecture
-knew Michelangelo often stopped by to see his work in the Sistine chapel
-died age 37
Michelangelo
Buonarroti 1475-1564
-most famous artists in history
-known for his architecture, sculpture, and paintings
-marble statues of David, Moses, and the Pieta
-Pieta (Pee-ay-tah) first masterpiece
-made of marble
-won him insistent fame
-David 2nd statue
-16 feet tall
-painting of the Sistine ceiling
-4 years painting on his back (WH read 333 or 356 green)
-everyday for three years
-65' off of floor
-300 human figures
-130' long, 44' wide
Donatello
1386-1466
-17 yr old sculptor
-statues of Greeks and Romans, and David (first since anicent times to make
nude free standing figures)
-famous for statues of men on horseback
-
Center of
Northern Renaissance art was the Netherlands
-Van Eyck
-first master of oil painting
- new painting technique
-Rembrandt 1600's
-Dutch art reached its height because of him
-he
was Dutch most famous artist
Filippo
Brunelleschi
(broo-nuh-LES-kee_ - Florentine architect who discovered that painters
could use mathematical laws in planning their pictures and
thus show perspective.
Hans
Holbein - Most famous
portrait painter of his time. Created portraits that showed personality
as well as realistic details of clothing and surrounding objects.
William
Shakespeare 1564-1616
-world's most popular author
-regarded as the finest dramatist and greatest writer in the English language
-wrote several plays (37) and books
Francois
Rabelais (RAHB-uh-lay)(1494-1553)
-from France
-monk, scholar, and physician
-wrote five volumes of the comic satire of Gargantua and Pantagruel
-giants with enormous appetites
-ridicules the politics, justice, education, and religious institutions of his
day
-Wrote "let nothing in the world be unknown to you". He wrote
books that made fun of people who did not take the humanist point of view.
Miguel
de Cervantes -
Michel de
Montaigne
-from France
-wrote short essays (107) on his thoughts and interests
Miguel de
Cervantes (1547-1616)
-Spain's greatest writer
-Wrote "Don Quixote" which mocked the way medieval codes of
chivalry distorted reality.
Reformation
-division of the Roman Catholic
-Protestants vs. Roman Catholics
-reforms in the church
-reformers challenging the authority of the church
-ended religious unity in the catholic church
-biggest cause was abuse of power by the clergy
-Germanys did not like their money going to Italians (why many joined Luther)
John Wycliffe
(1328-1384) read p. 256
-scholar at Oxford University in England
-questioned the teaching that a person could only gain salvation through the
church
-felt the bible should be regarded as the supreme source of authority for
Christians
-made first translation of the Bible in English
-regarded as the first great English reformer
-denounced bishops and clergy for wealth and neglecting religious duties
John Huss
(1369-1415)
-influenced by Wycliffe)
-head of the University of Prague in Bohemia (Holy Roman Empire)
-challenged the authority of the Pope and the churches' wealth
-excommunicated (1410), later arrested found guilty of heresy and burned at the
stake (1415) after he was promised his safety (went to a church council to help
stop the great schism
Martin Luther
(1483-1546)
-German monk
-protected by German princes
-taught biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg
-posted his 95 theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg
-Challenges of the Church
1. denounced the practice of letting bishops buy their positions
2. Disagrees with the Catholic Church belief that a person would be forgiven of
his/her sins if he/she confessed to a priest, regretted the action and asked
forgiveness and then did penance (fasting or prayer
3. Disagrees with the selling of indulgences (buy your way to heaven)
-pardoned from sins
-1st given to people that fought in crusades later by just giving money to the
church
-revenue for the church
-guarantees way to heaven
4. believed that a person was not saved by works but rather by grace and faith
5. felt people should read the Bible and not rely on interpretations given by
the Pope or the clergy
6. urged changes in Church services and felt members of the clergy should be
allowed to marry
7. drops 5 of 7 sacraments
-kept baptism and communion
-protected by German princes
-Pope orders Luther to give up his beliefs. Luther burns the papal order before
a crowd of cheering students
-1521 Luther is excommunicated
-translated the New Testament into German, making it possible for more people
to read the Bible
Protestants
(did not accept pope as authority)
-means protest
-Protestant churches
-Lutheranism
-Calvinism
-Presbyterianism
-Methodist
Augsburg
confession (1530)
-written statement of beliefs signed by the Lutheran prince s
-lead to a series of wars
Peace of
Augsburg (1555)
-ended the religious wars in Germany
-allowed German princes to decide which religion they wanted to follow
-South Germany: Catholic
-North Germany: Lutheran
John Calvin
-Swiss city in Geneva
-develop Calvinism
-like Luther in regards to:
-Bible as the supreme authority
-abuses by the clergy
-importance of faith in salvation
-believed in predestination
-certain people are chosen by God for salvation
-strict obedience to God's laws was a sign a person had been predestined for
salvation
-Geneva
-holy city with strict rules
-laws against gambling making noise during church, drinking at certain hours,
singing outrageous songs, did not know your prayers, and dancing
Huguenots
-French Calvinists
John Knox
-laid the foundations for the Presbyterian Church
-carried a lot of the Calvinist beliefs
-Scotland
England
-Reformation was a struggle for political power
Henry VIII
(married six times only had one son)
-1509 became King 18 yrs old
-loved tennis, literature, music, and food
-devout Catholic
-hated Luther
-becomes the head of the church
-takes all of churches land and sells it to his nobles
-More put ot death
1. Catherine (brothers widow)
-divorced (big conflict w/ the church)
-church prohibited divorce
-Henry takes steps to remove England's authority of the Pope
-appoints Thomas Cranmer (Protestant beliefs) to be archbishop of Canterbury
-gets parliament to legalize his divorce
-persuaded English parliament to break from the Church of Rome
-Henry remains a Catholic
-Henry and Catherine's child was Mary I (bore 5 children, one lived)
-convinced that she would not have anymore children
2. Anne Boleyn
-1536 was beheaded
-accused of infidelity (lack of faithfulness)
- -Henry and Anne's child was Elizabeth I
3. Jane Seymour
-marries a month after Anne's death
-1537 dies while giving birth
-Edward VI only son
-Nine years old when he took the throne 1537-1553
-taught by Protestant tutors
-Protestant
-Protestant belief becomes more est. in England
4. Anne of Cleves
-divorce after six months 1540
-marries to form an alliance with Germany
5. Catherine Howard
-beheaded 1542
-executed on charges of adultery married less than a year
6. Catherine Parr
-Outlived Henry
-best wife
-took care of Henry (was very fat)
Mary I
-Catherine's and Henry's first daughter
-devout Roman Catholic
-persecuted English Protestants who refused to be Catholic
-known as "bloody Mary"
-killed protestants
Elizabeth I
1533-1603
-Anne Boleyn and Henry's first daughter
-turned English people back to Protestantism
-reign known as the Golden Age
-time of great achievement in England
-Henry also
executes his 5th wife
Counter-Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
-reforms in the Catholic Church
-Council of Trent
1. only the Church could explain the Bible (anyone that read on their own was a
heretic
2. faith and good works were necessary for salvation
3. Pope has highest and final authority in the Church
4. Clergy were not allowed to marry
5. banned the sale of indulgences
6. tightened the discipline for the clergy
Ignatius
Loyolas
-cannon ball shattered his rt. leg
-very discipline and obedient
-est. schools all over the world
-missionaries to stop Protestantism from spreading
-founded the Society of Jesus
-Jesuits
-goal was to persuade Protestants to return to the Church and win converts to
Catholicism
-founded colleges and seminaries and set up missionaries
Isabella
d'Este (DES-tay) - Known
in her time as the "first woman of the world". She
promoted the Ren. ideas by collecting many paintings and books. She
became the Patron of many distinguished
writers and artists.
Lorenzo
de' Medici (MEH-dih-chee)
- Best known member of the Medici family which
dominated Italy during the Ren. A scholar, architect and poet who used
his power and influence to promote artists and writers in
Italy. Machiavelli wrote "the Prince" to appeal to
Lorenzo.
Protestants
1. Lutherans
-Sweden
-Denmark
-Norway
-Finland
-Germany
2. Calvinist
-France (Huguenots)
-Switzerland
3.
Presbyterians
-Scotland
-Holland
-Hungary
-Bohemia